# Theoretical analysis of optoporation efficiency and bubble formation during femtosecond pulse interaction with gold nanoshell

## TL;DR

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of optoporation efficiency and bubble formation thresholds during femtosecond pulse interactions with gold nanoshells, using a finite element model to calculate temperature and electron density.

## Contribution

It provides new theoretical insights into optoporation and bubble formation thresholds, extending previous models to live cell applications.

## Key findings

- Maximum temperature and electron density calculated near gold nanoshells.
- Comparison with experimental data validates the model.
- Insights into nanoparticle-mediated optical breakdown mechanisms.

## Abstract

Our group has recently developed a finite element model of a nanoparticle-mediated optical breakdown phenomena. Previously, this model was used to analyze the role of the nanoparticle morphology and the wavelength dependence of a nanoparticle-mediated optical breakdown threshold during near-infrared ps and fs pulse exposures. In this study, we provide a theoretical insight into the optoporation efficiency of live cells and bubble formation threshold during nanoparticle-mediated optical breakdown. It was done by the calculation of maximum temperature and free electron density in the vicinity of a single gold nanoshell in water during 70 femtosecond single pulse exposure and comparison against published experimental data.