# Efficient integrated graphene photonics in the visible and near-IR

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a metamaterial-based waveguide platform that enhances graphene photonics by reducing loss and increasing modulation efficiency in the visible and near-IR regimes.

## Contribution

It presents a novel non-resonant metamaterial waveguide design that improves light-graphene interaction and device performance compared to existing plasmonic and dielectric approaches.

## Key findings

- 5-fold increase in extinction ratio over silicon nanowires
- Order of magnitude reduction in insertion loss compared to plasmonic structures
- Enhanced optical field overlap with graphene monolayer

## Abstract

Graphene photonics has emerged as a promising platform for providing desirable optical functionality. However, graphene's monolayer-scale thickness fundamentally restricts the available light matter interaction, posing a critical design challenge for integrated devices, particularly in wavelength regimes where graphene plasmonics is untenable. While several plasmonic designs have been proposed to enhance graphene light interaction in these regimes, they suffer from substantial insertion loss due to metal absorption. Here we report a non-resonant metamaterial-based waveguide platform to overcome the design bottleneck associated with graphene device. Such metamaterial structure enables low insertion loss even though metal is being utilized. By examining waveguide dispersion characteristics via closed-form analysis, it is demonstrated that the metamaterial approach can provide optimized optical field that overlaps with the graphene monolayer. This enables graphene-based integrated components with superior optical performance. Specifically, the metamaterial-assisted graphene modulator can provide 5-fold improvement in extinction ratio compared to Si nanowire, while reducing insertion loss by one order magnitude compared to plasmonic structures. Such a waveguide configuration thus allows one to maximize the optical potential that graphene holds in the telecom and visible regimes.