# Unusual ferroelectric and magnetic phases in multiferroic 2H-BaMnO$_3$ ceramics

## TL;DR

This study investigates the structural, ferroelectric, and magnetic phase transitions in hexagonal BaMnO₃ ceramics, revealing unusual ferroelectric behavior, soft mode dynamics, and complex magnetic ordering phenomena.

## Contribution

It provides detailed experimental insights into the phase transitions and magnetic properties of BaMnO₃, highlighting the interplay between ferroelectricity and magnetism in this multiferroic material.

## Key findings

- Identification of a soft mode driving the ferroelectric transition.
- Unusual linear increase of permittivity with temperature below Tc.
- Observation of one-dimensional and three-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering.

## Abstract

The structural phase transition in hexagonal BaMnO$_3$ occurring at $T_c$=130 K was studied in ceramic samples using electron and X-ray diffraction, second harmonic generation as well as by dielectric and lattice dynamic spectroscopies. The low-temperature phase (space group $P6_{3}cm$) is ferroelectric with a triplicated unit cell. The phase transition is driven by an optical soft mode from the Brillouin-zone boundary [$q = (\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},0)$]; this mode activates in infrared and Raman spectra below $T_c$ and it hardens according to the Cochran law. Upon cooling below $T_c$, the permittivity exhibits an unusual linear increase with temperature; below 60 K, in turn, a frequency-dependent decrease is observed, which can be explained by slowing-down of ferroelectric domain wall motions. Based on our data we could not distinguish whether the high-temperature phase is paraelectric or polar (space groups $P6_{3}/mmc$ or $P6_{3}mc$, respectively). Both variants of the phase transition to the ferroelectric phase are discussed based on the Landau theory. Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal an onset of one-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering below $\approx220\,\rm K$ which develops fully near 140 K and, below $T_{n} \approx 59\,\rm K$, it transforms into a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic order.