# Microscopic models for uphill diffusion

## TL;DR

This paper investigates microscopic particle models exhibiting uphill diffusion phenomena under various external and attractive potentials, revealing complex behaviors including phase transition-like effects through numerical analysis.

## Contribution

It introduces a particle system model that captures uphill diffusion and phase transition phenomena, providing numerical evidence and theoretical insights.

## Key findings

- Uphill diffusion observed in the model with specific potentials.
- Final stationary states align qualitatively with experimental data.
- Phase transition-like behavior occurs under certain conditions.

## Abstract

We study a system of particles which jump on the sites of the interval $[1,L]$ of $\mathbb Z$. The density at the boundaries is kept fixed to simulate the action of mass reservoirs. The evolution depends on two parameters $\lambda'\ge 0$ and $\lambda"\ge 0$ which are the strength of an external potential and respectively of an attractive potential among the particles. When $\lambda'=\lambda"= 0$ the system behaves diffusively and the density profile of the final stationary state is linear, Fick's law is satisfied. When $\lambda'> 0$ and $\lambda"= 0$ the system models the diffusion of carbon in the presence of silicon as in the Darken experiment: the final state of the system is in qualitative agreement with the experimental one and uphill diffusion is present at the weld. Finally if $\lambda'=0$ and $\lambda">0$ is suitably large, the system simulates a vapor-liquid phase transition and we have a surprising phenomenon. Namely when the densities in the reservoirs correspond respectively to metastable vapor and metastable liquid we find a final stationary current which goes uphill from the reservoir with smaller density (vapor) to that with larger density (liquid). Our results are mainly numerical, we have convincing theoretical explanations yet we miss a complete mathematical proof.