# Characterization of nonequilibrium states of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

## TL;DR

This paper investigates various nonequilibrium states in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates by numerical simulation, introducing new parameters to characterize these states and exploring their formation through trap shaking.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed numerical analysis of nonequilibrium states in BECs and introduces effective temperature, Fresnel number, and Mach number as new characterization tools.

## Key findings

- Multiple nonequilibrium states identified, including vortex and turbulence states.
- New parameters effectively characterize different nonequilibrium states.
- Numerical methods demonstrate how trap shaking induces various states.

## Abstract

Generation of different nonequilibrium states in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates is studied by numerically solving nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Inducing nonequilibrium states by shaking the trap, the following states are created: weak nonequilibrium, the state of vortex germs, the state of vortex rings, the state of straight vortex lines, the state of deformed vortices, vortex turbulence, grain turbulence, and wave turbulence. A characterization of nonequilibrium states is advanced by introducing effective temperature, Fresnel number, and Mach number.