# Low and intermediate energy stopping power of protons and antiprotons in canonical targets

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a non-perturbative model for calculating the electronic stopping power of protons and antiprotons in various solid targets, achieving good agreement with experimental data across a wide energy range.

## Contribution

It combines a central screened potential approach with Lindhard dielectric formalism and shellwise local plasma approximation to accurately model stopping power from low to high energies.

## Key findings

- Good agreement with experimental data at low energies.
- Effective modeling across low, intermediate, and high energy regimes.
- Neglects collective plasmon excitations in the low to intermediate energy range.

## Abstract

In this work we propose a non-perturbative approximation to the electronic stopping power based on the central screened potential of a projectile moving in a free electron gas, by Nagy and Apagyi. We used this model to evaluate the energy loss of protons and antiprotons in ten solid targets: Cr, C, Ni, Be, Ti, Si, Al, Ge, Pb, Li and Rb. They were chosen as canonicals because they have reliable values of the Seitz radio, rS=1.48-5.31 a.u., which cover most of the possible metallic solids. Present low velocity results agree well with the experimental data for both proton and antiproton impact. Our formalism describes the binary collision of the projectile and one electron of the free electron gas. It does not include the collective or plasmon excitations, which are important in the intermediate to high velocity regime. The distinguishing feature of this contribution is that by using the present model for low to intermediate energies (below the appearance of plasmon excitations), the Lindhard dielectric formalism (including plasmons) for intermediate to high energies, and the shellwise local plasma approximation to account for the inner shell contribution, then a good full-theoretical description of the available experimental data is obtained in an extensive energy range, covering the low, intermediate and high energy region.