Four kinetic energy formulas for studying the interaction of energetic ions with carbon nanotubes

TL;DR

This paper compares four kinetic energy formulas to understand how energetic ions interact with carbon nanotubes, focusing on damage creation, stopping mechanisms, and the effects of ion properties.

Contribution

It introduces and analyzes four kinetic energy formulas to better describe ion interactions with carbon nanotubes, addressing damage and stopping phenomena.

Findings

Different formulas provide insights into ion stopping mechanisms.

Potential-dependent and potential-independent effects are distinguished.

Methods for studying ion stopping are evaluated for effectiveness.

Abstract

Three questions should be interesting, for better understanding of the basic physics of damage creation and stopping ions of different types, in the damaged tube: 1) Between the mass and charge effects, i.e. potential- independent and potential- dependent effects on the damaged tube, Which ones may the cross- section $\sigma$ effects belong to? 2) One method has calculated number of energetic recoils (both ions and carbon atoms), which hit the metal layer below the damaged tube, to study the stopping of both incident ions and recoil carbon atoms in it. Another method has calculated the ion- deposited energy $E_0-E_{penetrating}$ in the damaged tube, to distinguish between penetrating and stopped ions. Which method is better for studying the stopping between two ones? 3) Why can tens of the graphitic shells easily stop energetic ions with energies up to 10 keV? Which effects on the stopping? In kinetic energy formulas, we give answers for discussion.