# Supernova Simulations from a 3D Progenitor Model -- Impact of Perturbations and Evolution of Explosion Properties

## TL;DR

This study uses 3D simulations of an 18 solar mass star to show how pre-collapse perturbations influence supernova explosion mechanisms, potentially reducing the critical luminosity needed for shock revival and affecting explosion properties.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that large-scale convective perturbations in progenitors can significantly aid shock revival in 3D supernova simulations, highlighting their importance in explosion modeling.

## Key findings

- Pre-collapse perturbations help trigger earlier shock revival.
- Estimated reduction of critical luminosity by ~20%.
- Explosion properties align with observed supernovae.

## Abstract

We study the impact of large-scale perturbations from convective shell burning on the core-collapse supernova explosion mechanism using three-dimensional (3D) multi-group neutrino hydrodynamics simulations of an 18 solar mass progenitor. Seed asphericities in the O shell, obtained from a recent 3D model of O shell burning, help trigger a neutrino-driven explosion 330ms after bounce whereas the shock is not revived in a model based on a spherically symmetric progenitor for at least another 300ms. We tentatively infer a reduction of the critical luminosity for shock revival by ~20% due to pre-collapse perturbations. This indicates that convective seed perturbations play an important role in the explosion mechanism in some progenitors. We follow the evolution of the 18 solar mass model into the explosion phase for more than 2s and find that the cycle of accretion and mass ejection is still ongoing at this stage. With a preliminary value of 0.77 Bethe for the diagnostic explosion energy, a baryonic neutron star mass of 1.85 solar masses, a neutron star kick of ~600km/s and a neutron star spin period of ~20ms at the end of the simulation, the explosion and remnant properties are slightly atypical, but still lie comfortably within the observed distribution. Although more refined simulations and a larger survey of progenitors are still called for, this suggests that a solution to the problem of shock revival and explosion energies in the ballpark of observations are within reach for neutrino-driven explosions in 3D.