# Massive MIMO has Unlimited Capacity

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that Massive MIMO systems can achieve unlimited capacity as the number of antennas grows, challenging previous beliefs that pilot contamination imposes a finite limit.

## Contribution

It proves that with advanced precoding and realistic channel conditions, the capacity of Massive MIMO can grow unbounded, contradicting earlier assumptions.

## Key findings

- Capacity increases without bound with more antennas under certain conditions.
- Pilot contamination does not impose a finite capacity limit with optimal schemes.
- Asymptotic linear independence of covariance matrices is key to unlimited capacity.

## Abstract

The capacity of cellular networks can be improved by the unprecedented array gain and spatial multiplexing offered by Massive MIMO. Since its inception, the coherent interference caused by pilot contamination has been believed to create a finite capacity limit, as the number of antennas goes to infinity. In this paper, we prove that this is incorrect and an artifact from using simplistic channel models and suboptimal precoding/combining schemes. We show that with multicell MMSE precoding/combining and a tiny amount of spatial channel correlation or large-scale fading variations over the array, the capacity increases without bound as the number of antennas increases, even under pilot contamination. More precisely, the result holds when the channel covariance matrices of the contaminating users are asymptotically linearly independent, which is generally the case. If also the diagonals of the covariance matrices are linearly independent, it is sufficient to know these diagonals (and not the full covariance matrices) to achieve an unlimited asymptotic capacity.