# Interaction of Tollmien-Schlichting Waves in the Air with the Sea Surface

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the linear and non-linear stability of air-water flows to understand soliton generation by wind, deriving a non-linear Schrödinger equation and comparing different airflow profiles with sea observations.

## Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive stability analysis of air-water interface flows, deriving a non-linear Schrödinger equation for soliton amplitude considering various airflow profiles.

## Key findings

- Snake solitons observed for certain airflow profiles
- Violent surface motion in turbulent boundary layer cases
- Airflow nonlinearity dominates water interactions in wind-wave dynamics

## Abstract

Linear stability of fully developed flows of air over water is carried out in order to study non-linear effects in the generation of solitons by wind. A linear stability analysis of the basic flow is made and the conditions at which solitons first begin to grow is determined. Then, following [10], the non-linear stability of the flow is examined and the quintic non-linear Schr\"{o}dinger equation is derived for the amplitude of disturbances. The coefficients of the non-linear Schr\"odinger equation are calculated from the eigenvalue problem which determines the stability of air-water interface. An asymptotic and a numerical stability analysis is carried out to determine the neutrally stable flow conditions for air-sea interface. Four different profiles are considered for the airflow blowing over the surface of the sea, namely, plane Couette flow (pCf), plane Poiseuille flow (pPf), laminar and turbulent boundary layer (L,TBL) profiles. For each of the above cases the shear flow counterpart in the water is assumed to be a pPf. It is shown that the above amplitude equation produces `snake' solitons [9] for pCf, pPf and LBL profiles, with striking similarities. On the other hand, for TBL we observe a very violent surface motion. For cases of pCf and LBL remarkable similarity is observed with observations made at sea. We conclude that the effect of nonlinearity in the airflow over the sea surface is much larger than nonlinear interactions in the water, and hence it is not possible to decouple the motion in the air and the water for finite amplitude wind-wave interactions, particularly in the case of wind-generated solitons in shallow waters.