# Reliability of the measured velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way stellar halo

## TL;DR

This paper assesses the reliability of measuring the velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way's stellar halo, highlighting limitations of current methods at large distances and emphasizing the importance of future Gaia data for accurate estimates.

## Contribution

It demonstrates through mock analyses that local fitting methods are reliable only within 15 kpc and discusses the challenges of measuring velocity anisotropy at larger radii.

## Key findings

- Local fitting methods are reliable only within 15 kpc.
- Estimating tangential velocities becomes difficult at larger radii.
- Future Gaia data will improve measurements beyond 20 kpc.

## Abstract

Determining the velocity distribution of halo stars is essential for estimating the mass of the Milky Way and for inferring its formation history. Since the stellar halo is a dynamically hot system, the velocity distribution of halo stars is well described by the 3-dimensional velocity dispersions $(\sigma_r, \sigma_\theta, \sigma_\phi)$, or by the velocity anisotropy parameter $\beta=1-(\sigma_\theta^2+\sigma_\phi^2)/(2\sigma_r^2)$. Direct measurements of $(\sigma_r, \sigma_\theta, \sigma_\phi)$ consistently suggest $\beta =0.5$-$0.7$ for nearby halo stars. In contrast, the value of $\beta$ at large Galactocentric radius $r$ is still controversial, since reliable proper motion data are available for only a handful of stars. In the last decade, several authors have tried to estimate $\beta$ for distant halo stars by fitting the observed line-of-sight velocities at each radius with simple velocity distribution models (local fitting methods). Some results of local fitting methods imply $\beta<0$ at $r \gtrsim 20 \;\rm{kpc}$, which is inconsistent with recent predictions from cosmological simulations. Here we perform mock-catalogue analyses to show that the estimates of $\beta$ based on local fitting methods are reliable only at $r \leq 15 \;\rm{kpc}$ with the current sample size ($\sim10^3$ stars at a given radius). As $r$ increases, the line-of-sight velocity (corrected for the Solar reflex motion) becomes increasingly closer to the Galactocentric radial velocity, so that it becomes increasingly more difficult to estimate tangential velocity dispersion $(\sigma_\theta, \sigma_\phi)$ from line-of-sight velocity distribution. Our results suggest that the forthcoming Gaia data will be crucial for understanding the velocity distribution of halo stars at $r \geq 20\;\rm{kpc}$.