# Fast and Accurate Sparse Coding of Visual Stimuli with a Simple, Ultra-Low-Energy Spiking Architecture

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a simplified, ultra-low-energy spiking neuromorphic architecture called SSLCA for sparse coding of visual stimuli, achieving competitive accuracy and high throughput with minimal power consumption.

## Contribution

The work presents a new simplified spiking architecture that directly connects neurons to memristive crossbars, reducing power and complexity while maintaining accuracy.

## Key findings

- Achieved 80% accuracy on MNIST with the spiking model.
- Reduced energy consumption by 99% compared to previous models.
- Maintained accuracy with low variance in online and offline learning.

## Abstract

Memristive crossbars have become a popular means for realizing unsupervised and supervised learning techniques. In previous neuromorphic architectures with leaky integrate-and-fire neurons, the crossbar itself has been separated from the neuron capacitors to preserve mathematical rigor. In this work, we sought to simplify the design, creating a fast circuit that consumed significantly lower power at a minimal cost of accuracy. We also showed that connecting the neurons directly to the crossbar resulted in a more efficient sparse coding architecture, and alleviated the need to pre-normalize receptive fields. This work provides derivations for the design of such a network, named the Simple Spiking Locally Competitive Algorithm, or SSLCA, as well as CMOS designs and results on the CIFAR and MNIST datasets. Compared to a non-spiking model which scored 33% on CIFAR-10 with a single-layer classifier, this hardware scored 32% accuracy. When used with a state-of-the-art deep learning classifier, the non-spiking model achieved 82% and our simplified, spiking model achieved 80%, while compressing the input data by 92%. Compared to a previously proposed spiking model, our proposed hardware consumed 99% less energy to do the same work at 21x the throughput. Accuracy held out with online learning to a write variance of 3%, suitable for the often-reported 4-bit resolution required for neuromorphic algorithms; with offline learning to a write variance of 27%; and with read variance to 40%. The proposed architecture's excellent accuracy, throughput, and significantly lower energy usage demonstrate the utility of our innovations.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/1704.05877