# Inferring the photometric and size evolution of galaxies from image simulations

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new Bayesian simulation-based method to accurately infer galaxy size and luminosity evolution from image data, overcoming selection biases present in traditional catalog-based analyses.

## Contribution

It develops a semi-empirical forward modeling approach combining image simulations with Bayesian inference, improving robustness over classical SED fitting methods.

## Key findings

- Method accurately infers galaxy size and luminosity evolution parameters.
- Approach outperforms traditional SED fitting in accuracy and bias reduction.
- Demonstrated robustness using synthetic CFHTLS Deep field data.

## Abstract

Current constraints on models of galaxy evolution rely on morphometric catalogs extracted from multi-band photometric surveys. However, these catalogs are altered by selection effects that are difficult to model, that correlate in non trivial ways, and that can lead to contradictory predictions if not taken into account carefully. To address this issue, we have developed a new approach combining parametric Bayesian indirect likelihood (pBIL) techniques and empirical modeling with realistic image simulations that reproduce a large fraction of these selection effects. This allows us to perform a direct comparison between observed and simulated images and to infer robust constraints on model parameters. We use a semi-empirical forward model to generate a distribution of mock galaxies from a set of physical parameters. These galaxies are passed through an image simulator reproducing the instrumental characteristics of any survey and are then extracted in the same way as the observed data. The discrepancy between the simulated and observed data is quantified, and minimized with a custom sampling process based on adaptive Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods. Using synthetic data matching most of the properties of a CFHTLS Deep field, we demonstrate the robustness and internal consistency of our approach by inferring the parameters governing the size and luminosity functions and their evolutions for different realistic populations of galaxies. We also compare the results of our approach with those obtained from the classical spectral energy distribution fitting and photometric redshift approach.Our pipeline infers efficiently the luminosity and size distribution and evolution parameters with a very limited number of observables (3 photometric bands). When compared to SED fitting based on the same set of observables, our method yields results that are more accurate and free from systematic biases.