# Thermodynamic Effects of Single-Qubit Operations in Silicon-Based Quantum Computing

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the thermodynamic limits of silicon-based quantum computing, showing that current cooling technology can support millions of qubits by analyzing energy dissipation from nuclear spin interactions during qubit operations.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of energy dissipation constraints in silicon qubits, linking nuclear spin interactions to scalability limits under cryogenic cooling.

## Key findings

- Dilution refrigerators can support millions of qubits before thermal dissipation limits are reached.
- Nuclear spin impurities significantly influence energy dissipation during qubit control.
- Scalability is feasible with current cryogenic technology, given the dissipation constraints.

## Abstract

Silicon-based quantum logic is a promising technology to implement universal quantum computing. It is widely believed that a millikelvin cryogenic environment will be necessary to accommodate silicon-based qubits. This prompts a question of the ultimate scalability of the technology due to finite cooling capacity of refrigeration systems. In this work, we answer this question by studying energy dissipation due to interactions between nuclear spin impurities and qubit control pulses. We demonstrate that this interaction constrains the sustainable number of single-qubit operations per second for a given cooling capacity. Our results indicate that a state-of-the-art dilution refrigerator can, in principle, accommodate operations on millions of qubits before thermal energy dissipation becomes a problem.