# Additive Spanners and Distance Oracles in Quadratic Time

## TL;DR

This paper presents a deterministic algorithm for constructing small additive spanners and improved distance oracles in quadratic time, enhancing previous randomized methods with more efficient and reliable solutions for approximate shortest path computations.

## Contribution

It introduces a deterministic, quadratic-time algorithm for additive spanners and improves the construction of approximate distance oracles, reducing randomness and complexity compared to prior work.

## Key findings

- Deterministic construction of an additive O(1)-spanner with O(n^{4/3}) edges in O(n^2) time.
- Development of a Las Vegas (2,1)-distance oracle of size O(n^{5/3}) in O(n^2) time.
- Enhanced algorithms for approximate all-pairs shortest paths with improved efficiency.

## Abstract

Let $G$ be an unweighted, undirected graph. An additive $k$-spanner of $G$ is a subgraph $H$ that approximates all distances between pairs of nodes up to an additive error of $+k$, that is, it satisfies $d_H(u,v) \le d_G(u,v)+k$ for all nodes $u,v$, where $d$ is the shortest path distance. We give a deterministic algorithm that constructs an additive $O\!\left(1\right)$-spanner with $O\!\left(n^{4/3}\right)$ edges in $O\!\left(n^2\right)$ time. This should be compared with the randomized Monte Carlo algorithm by Woodruff [ICALP 2010] giving an additive $6$-spanner with $O\!\left(n^{4/3}\log^3 n\right)$ edges in expected time $O\!\left(n^2\log^2 n\right)$. An $(\alpha,\beta)$-approximate distance oracle for $G$ is a data structure that supports the following distance queries between pairs of nodes in $G$. Given two nodes $u$, $v$ it can in constant time compute a distance estimate $\tilde{d}$ that satisfies $d \le \tilde{d} \le \alpha d + \beta$ where $d$ is the distance between $u$ and $v$ in $G$. Sommer [ICALP 2016] gave a randomized Monte Carlo $(2,1)$-distance oracle of size $O\!\left(n^{5/3}\text{poly} \log n\right)$ in expected time $O\!\left(n^2\text{poly} \log n\right)$. As an application of the additive $O(1)$-spanner we improve the construction by Sommer [ICALP 2016] and give a Las Vegas $(2,1)$-distance oracle of size $O\!\left(n^{5/3}\right)$ in time $O\!\left(n^2\right)$. This also implies an algorithm that in $O\!\left(n^2\right)$ gives approximate distance for all pairs of nodes in $G$ improving on the $O\!\left(n^2 \log n\right)$ algorithm by Baswana and Kavitha [SICOMP 2010].