# Does Bidirectional Traffic Do More Harm Than Good in LoRaWAN Based LPWA Networks?

## TL;DR

This paper introduces LoRaWANSim, a new simulator for LoRaWAN networks, revealing that bidirectional traffic can reduce network capacity and highlighting trade-offs in retransmission strategies and energy use.

## Contribution

The paper presents LoRaWANSim, the first simulator supporting LoRaWAN's bidirectional MAC protocol, enabling detailed performance analysis of LoRaWAN networks.

## Key findings

- Downlink traffic significantly impacts uplink throughput.
- Reported network capacity in prior studies is overly optimistic.
- Optimal retransmission attempts depend on energy and reliability trade-offs.

## Abstract

The need for low power, long range and low cost connectivity to meet the requirements of IoT applications has led to the emergence of Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networking technologies. The promise of these technologies to wirelessly connect massive numbers of geographically dispersed devices at a low cost continues to attract a great deal of attention in the academic and commercial communities. Several rollouts are already underway even though the performance of these technologies is yet to be fully understood. In light of these developments, tools to carry out `what-if analyses' and pre-deployment studies are needed to understand the implications of choices that are made at design time. While there are several promising technologies in the LPWA space, this paper specifically focuses on the LoRa/LoRaWAN technology. In particular, we present LoRaWANSim, a simulator which extends the LoRaSim tool to add support for the LoRaWAN MAC protocol, which employs bidirectional communication. This is a salient feature not available in any other LoRa simulator. Subsequently, we provide vital insights into the performance of LoRaWAN based networks through extensive simulations. In particular, we show that the achievable network capacity reported in earlier studies is quite optimistic. The introduction of downlink traffic can have a significant impact on the uplink throughput. The number of transmit attempts recommended in the LoRaWAN specification may not always be the best choice. We also highlight the energy consumption versus reliability trade-offs associated with the choice of number of retransmission attempts.