Size-based ion selectivity of micropore electric double layers in capacitive deionization electrodes

TL;DR

This paper develops a new theoretical model for capacitive deionization that incorporates ion size effects, successfully explaining the experimentally observed size-based ion selectivity in micropore electric double layers.

Contribution

The paper introduces a coupled nonlinear algebraic model that includes ion volume exclusion, advancing the understanding of ion selectivity in CDI electrodes.

Findings

Model captures size-based ion selectivity observed experimentally.

Ion volume exclusion significantly influences ion distribution in micropores.

Theoretical predictions align with experimental data on ion removal preferences.

Abstract

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a fast-emerging technology most commonly applied to brackish water desalination. In CDI, salt ions are removed from the feedwater and stored in electric double layers (EDLs) within micropores of electrically charged porous carbon electrodes. Recent experiments have demonstrated that CDI electrodes exhibit selective ion removal based on ion size, with the smaller ion being preferentially removed in the case of equal-valence ions. However, state-of-the-art CDI theory does not capture this observed selectivity, as it assumes volume-less point ions in the micropore EDLs. We here present a theory which includes multiple couterionic species, and relaxes the point ion assumption by incorporating ion volume exclusion interactions into a description of the micropore EDLs. The developed model is a coupled set of nonlinear algebraic equations which can be solved for micropore ion concentrations and electrode Donnan potential at cell equilibrium. We demonstrate that this model captures key features of the experimentally observed size-based ion selectivity of CDI electrodes.