# Impact of standard neutrino oscillations and systematics in proton lifetime measurements

## TL;DR

This paper assesses how atmospheric neutrino oscillations and systematic uncertainties affect proton decay background estimates in large detectors like DUNE, leading to more accurate proton lifetime limits.

## Contribution

It introduces, for the first time, the inclusion of confirmed neutrino oscillations in background analysis for proton decay searches, and evaluates the impact of key systematics on these estimates.

## Key findings

- Neutrino oscillations reduce background by 40% for the proton decay channel.
- Systematic uncertainties significantly influence the lower limit of proton lifetime.
- Enhanced detector efficiency can further improve proton decay lifetime limits.

## Abstract

We use atmospheric neutrino phenomenology to obtain the expected background to proton decay in large underground neutrino detectors, like DUNE. We introduced, for the first time in this kind of analysis, the experimentally confirmed neutrino oscillations of the atmospheric neutrino observations which reduce by a factor of 40\% the corresponding background for nucleon decay channel $p\rightarrow \mu^{+}+\pi^{0}$. Furthermore, we infer the impact of four systematics on such background: the overall efficiency, the muon reconstruction energy resolution, the resonant neutral pion cross-section and the neutral pion angular resolution. Considering a 40 kton detector with efficiency 45\%, our analysis leads to an error band in the lower limit for the proton lifetime, from $7.9 \times 10^{33}$~years to {\bf $1.1 \times 10^{34}$}~years at $90\%$~C.L.. These numbers can be compared with the current mode dependent experimental limits $\tau > 10^{31}-10^{33}$~years at $90\%$~C.L.. Finally we investigate how this limit can be further improved with the enhancement of the efficiency of the experiment which can be obtained, for instance, with the implementation of the ARAPUCA device in DUNE.