# Meteoroid Orbits from Video Meteors. The Case of the Geminid Stream

## TL;DR

This study analyzes meteoroid orbits from video observations of the Geminid stream, assessing measurement errors, orbital dispersions, and the influence of data collection methods on the accuracy of meteoroid trajectory reconstructions.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of video meteor data, highlighting measurement biases, error impacts, and the orbital evolution of the Geminid stream over millennia.

## Key findings

- Video orbital dispersions range from 0.029 to 0.042 1/AU.
- Systematic bias in semi-major axes in video data compared to photographic and radio data.
- Complete orbital reproduction of the Geminid parent asteroid is possible over about 2700 years.

## Abstract

We use the Slovak and Czech video meteor observations, as well as video meteoroid orbits collected in the CAMS, SonotaCo, EDMOND and DMS catalogues, for an analysis of the distribution of meteoroid orbits within the stream of the Geminids and of the dispersion of their radiants. We concentrate on the influence of the measurement errors on the precision of the orbits obtained from the video networks that are based on various meteor-detection software packages and various meteor orbital element softwares. The observed orbital dispersions in the Geminid stream described by the median absolute deviation range from 0.029 to 0.042 1/AU for the video catalogues. The distribution of the semi-major axes of video meteors in all the databases, except for the Ondrejov (Czech) data, seem to be systematically biased in comparison with the photographic and radio meteors. The determined velocities of the video data are underestimated, probably as a consequence of the methods used for the positional and velocity measurements. The largest shift is observed in the EDMOND and SonotaCo catalogues. Except for the measurement errors which influence the analyses and their interpretations, we also point out the problem of the uncertainties of the numerical integration procedures that influence the simulations' results. Several experimental integrations of the Geminids parent asteroid, which we performed from the present to the past and then back to the year 2015, showed that a complete reproduction, including also the mean anomaly, is only possible for a time span of about 2700 years.