Hybrid Beamforming via the Kronecker Decomposition for the Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems

TL;DR

This paper introduces a systematic hybrid beamforming design framework for mmWave massive MIMO systems that leverages Kronecker decomposition to efficiently manage analog and digital beamforming, addressing practical implementation challenges.

Contribution

The paper proposes a novel Kronecker-based decomposition method for hybrid beamforming design and a channel estimation scheme tailored for multi-cell multiuser mmWave massive MIMO systems.

Findings

Inter-cell interference decreases with larger array size.

The channel estimation scheme accurately estimates AoA and path gains.

Closed-form expression for AoA spectrum derived.

Abstract

Despite its promising performance gain, the realization of mmWave massive MIMO still faces several practical challenges. In particular, implementing massive MIMO in the digital domain requires hundreds of RF chains matching the number of antennas. Furthermore, designing these components to operate at the mmWave frequencies is challenging and costly. These motivated the recent development of hybrid-beamforming where MIMO processing is divided for separate implementation in the analog and digital domains, called the analog and digital beamforming, respectively. Analog beamforming using a phase array introduces uni-modulus constraints on the beamforming coefficients, rendering the conventional MIMO techniques unsuitable and call for new designs. In this paper, we present a systematic design framework for hybrid beamforming for multi-cell multiuser massive MIMO systems over mmWave channels characterized by sparse propagation paths. The framework relies on the decomposition of analog beamforming vectors and path observation vectors into Kronecker products of factors being uni-modulus vectors. Exploiting properties of Kronecker mixed products, different factors of the analog beamformer are designed for either nulling interference paths or coherently combining data paths. Furthermore, a channel estimation scheme is designed for enabling the proposed hybrid beamforming. The scheme estimates the AoA of data and interference paths by analog beam scanning and data-path gains by analog beam steering. The performance of the channel estimation scheme is analyzed. In particular, the AoA spectrum resulting from beam scanning, which displays the magnitude distribution of paths over the AoA range, is derived in closed-form. It is shown that the inter-cell interference level diminishes inversely with the array size, the square root of pilot sequence length and the spatial separation between paths.