The Symmetry Group Paradox for Non-Rigid Molecules

TL;DR

This paper investigates the paradoxical enlargement of symmetry groups in non-rigid molecules due to quantum tunnelling, explaining how energy level splitting correlates with increased symmetry rather than decreased.

Contribution

It provides a resolution to the symmetry group paradox in non-rigid molecules, clarifying the relationship between tunnelling, energy splitting, and symmetry group enlargement.

Findings

Energy level splitting is linked to an enlarged symmetry group.

Quantum tunnelling connects different molecular configurations.

The paradox is resolved by analyzing symmetry group relationships.

Abstract

In many situations the energy levels for a quantum system whose Hamiltonian is invariant under a specific symmetry group are split when the Hamiltonian is replaced by a new one with lower symmetry. In non-rigid molecules quantum tunnelling processes allow the molecule to change between different geometrical configurations related by permutations of identical nuclei (or with inversion as well), resulting in the splitting of the energy levels for the rigid molecule case where tunnelling is absent. However, for non-rigid molecules there is apparently a paradoxical situation where although the original rigid molecule energy levels are associated with a symmetry group isomorphic to the point group for the geometrical configuration, the split non-rigid molecule energy levels are associated with a symmetry group consisting of all permutations and inversions related to the quantum tunnelling between configurations, and for which the point group is a sub-group. The resolution of this paradox, where energy level splitting is evidently accompanied by an enlargement of the symmetry group, is the subject of this article.