# Spinless hourglass nodal-line semimetals

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that in specific spinless systems with certain space groups and fillings, the presence of hourglass-shaped nodal lines is guaranteed by symmetry, and it provides models and examples of such semimetals.

## Contribution

It identifies conditions under which spinless hourglass nodal-line semimetals must occur, and classifies all relevant centrosymmetric space groups.

## Key findings

- Presence of nodal lines is symmetry-enforced in specific space groups.
- Constructed a model Hamiltonian exemplifying the phase.
- Identified real material candidate: Al3FeSi2.

## Abstract

Nodal-line semimetals, one of the topological semimetals, have degeneracy along nodal lines where the band gap is closed. In many cases, the nodal lines appear accidentally, and in such cases it is impossible to determine whether the nodal lines appear or not, only from the crystal symmetry and the electron filling. In this paper, for spinless systems, we show that in specific space groups at $4N+2$ fillings ($8N+4$ fillings including the spin degree of freedom), presence of the nodal lines is required regardless of the details of the systems. Here, the spinless systems refer to crystals where the spin-orbit coupling is negligible and the spin degree of freedom can be omitted because of the SU(2) spin degeneracy. In this case the shape of the band structure around these nodal lines is like an hourglass, and we call this a spinless hourglass nodal-line semimetal. We construct a model Hamiltonian as an example and we show that it is always in the spinless hourglass nodal-line semimetal phase even when the model parameters are changed without changing the symmetries of the system. We also establish a list of all the centrosymmetric space groups, under which spinless systems always have hourglass nodal lines, and illustrate where the nodal lines are located. We propose that Al$_3$FeSi$_2$, whose space-group symmetry is Pbcn (No. 60), is one of the nodal-line semimetals arising from this mechanism.