# Wave Motion Induced By Turbulent Shear Flows Over Growing Stokes Waves

## TL;DR

This paper numerically investigates wave motion induced by turbulent shear flows over unsteady Stokes waves, revealing how wave steepness influences flow structures, critical layers, and energy transfer, with implications for wave growth.

## Contribution

It introduces a detailed numerical analysis of turbulent shear flows over unsteady Stokes waves, highlighting the effects of wave steepness on flow dynamics and wave growth mechanisms.

## Key findings

- Critical shear layer forms outside the inner layer for steeper waves.
- Critical layer produces a weak lee-side jet affecting drag.
- Flow separation occurs on the lee side of peaked, fast-growing waves.

## Abstract

The recent analytical of multi-layer analyses proposed by Sajjadi, Hunt and Drullion (2014) (SHD14) is solved numerically for atmospheric turbulent shear fows blowing over unsteady Stokes water waves, of low to moderate steepness. It is demonstrated that as the wave steepens further the inner layer exceeds the critical layer and beneath the cat's-eye there is a strong reverse flow which will then affect the surface drag, but at the surface the flow adjusts itself to the orbital velocity of the wave. We show that in the limit as c_r=U_* is very small, namely slow moving waves the energy-transfer rate to the waves, \beta, computed here using an eddy-viscosity model, agrees with the asymptotic steady state analysis of Belcher and Hunt (1993) and the earlier model of Townsend (1980). Computations for the cases when the waves are traveling faster and growing significantly show a critical shear layer forms outside the inner surface shear layer for steeper waves. We show that the critical layer produces a significant but not the dominant effect; a weak lee-side jet is formed by the inertial dynamics in the critical layer, which adds to the drag produced by the sheltering effect. Over peaked waves, the inner layer flow on the lee-side tends to slow and separate, which over a growing fast wave defects the streamlines and the critical layer upwards on the lee side. Hence, it is proposed, using an earlier study SHD14, that the mechanisms identified here for wave-induced motion contributes to a larger net growth of wind driven water waves when the waves are non-linear compared with growth rates for monochromatic waves. This is because in non- linear waves individual harmonics have stronger positive and weaker negative growth rates.