What is Science?

TL;DR

This paper offers a new definition of science emphasizing the distinction between scientific activity and its product, clarifying the nature, authority, and limitations of scientific knowledge compared to other human knowledge forms.

Contribution

It introduces a clear conceptual framework distinguishing science as activity from Science as knowledge, highlighting properties like collectivity, universality, and its inherent limitations.

Findings

Science is collective, public knowledge.

Science is universal and contradiction-free.

Science is subject to change and ignorance.

Abstract

This paper proposes a new definition of science based on the distinction between the activity of scientists and the product of that activity: the former is denoted (lower-case) science and the latter (upper-case) Science. These definitions are intended to clarify the nature of scientific knowledge, its authority as well as its limitations, and how scientific knowledge differs from other forms of human knowledge. The body of knowledge we call Science is exemplified by elementary arithmetic: it has the following properties: (i) Science is collective, public knowledge; (ii) Science is universal and free of contradiction; (iii) Science emerges from science; (iv) Science is nevertheless bathed in ignorance and subject to change. These properties imply that many questions that are of great interest to humanity are out of reach to Science, since they necessarily involve individual and group commitments and beliefs. Examples are questions of ethics, religion, politics, art and even technology, for which diversity is a fundamental virtue.