# On the evolution of the entropy and pressure profiles in X-ray luminous galaxy clusters at z > 0.4

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the thermodynamical properties of 47 high-redshift galaxy clusters, revealing deviations from self-similar models and evolution in entropy and pressure profiles with redshift, especially beyond z > 0.75.

## Contribution

It provides the largest X-ray spectroscopic analysis of galaxy clusters at z > 0.4, highlighting deviations from theoretical predictions and their evolution with redshift.

## Key findings

- Profiles closely follow gravitational formation predictions at lower redshifts.
- At z > 0.75, entropy increases and pressure decreases in cluster centers.
- Non-cool-core, disturbed systems dominate at higher redshifts.

## Abstract

Galaxy clusters are the most recent products of hierarchical accretion over cosmological scales. The gas accreted from the cosmic field is thermalized inside the cluster halo. Gas entropy and pressure are expected to have a self-similar behaviour with their radial distribution following a power law and a generalized Navarro-Frenk-White profile, respectively. This has been shown also in many different hydrodynamical simulations. We derive the spatially-resolved thermodynamical properties of 47 X-ray galaxy clusters observed with Chandra in the redshift range 0.4 < z < 1.2, the largest sample investigated so far in this redshift range with X-rays spectroscopy, with a particular care in reconstructing the gas entropy and pressure radial profiles. We search for deviation from the self-similar behaviour and look for possible evolution with redshift. The entropy and pressure profiles lie very close to the baseline prediction from gravitational structure formation. We show that these profiles deviate from the baseline prediction as function of redshift, in particular at z > 0.75, where, in the central regions, we observe higher values of the entropy (by a factor of 2.2) and systematically lower estimates (by a factor of 2.5) of the pressure. The effective polytropic index, which retains informations about the thermal distribution of the gas, shows a slight linear positive evolution with the redshift and the concentration of the dark matter distribution. A prevalence of non-cool-core, disturbed systems, as we observe at higher redshifts, can explain such behaviours.