# Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of continuously measured quantum systems: a circuit-QED implementation

## TL;DR

This paper develops a framework for analyzing the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of quantum systems under continuous measurement, highlighting differences from unmonitored systems, with a focus on circuit-QED implementations.

## Contribution

It introduces a fully operational approach to study quantum thermodynamics with continuous measurement, including fluctuation theorems and entropy production, applied to circuit-QED systems.

## Key findings

- Established fundamental differences in thermodynamics with measurement.
- Numerical simulations demonstrate the framework with realistic circuit-QED parameters.
- Characterized entropy production in monitored quantum trajectories.

## Abstract

We propose a fully operational framework to study the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of a quantum system $S$ that is coupled to a detector $D$ whose state is continuously monitored, allowing to single out individual quantum trajectories of $S$. We focus on detailed fluctuation theorems and characterize the entropy production of the system. We establish fundamental differences with respect to the thermodynamic of unmonitored, unitarily evolved systems. We consider the paradigmatic example of circuit-QED, where superconducting qubits can be coupled to a continuously monitored resonator and show numerical simulations using state of the art experimental parameters.