# Dynamical Mass Generation in Pseudo Quantum Electrodynamics with Four-Fermion Interactions

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how massless Dirac fermions in (2+1) dimensions undergo dynamical symmetry breaking due to combined electromagnetic and four-fermion interactions, revealing a critical coupling threshold for gap formation in materials like graphene.

## Contribution

It introduces a model combining PQED and Gross-Neveu interactions, deriving a critical coupling for symmetry breaking, and shows this coupling is lower than in pure electromagnetic cases, favoring gap formation.

## Key findings

- Critical coupling constant approximately 0.36 for D N_f=8.
- Symmetry breaking is more likely with combined interactions.
- Energy gap formation at Dirac points in 2D materials.

## Abstract

We describe dynamical symmetry breaking in a system of massless Dirac fermions with both electromagnetic and four-fermion interactions in (2+1) dimensions. The former is described by the Pseudo Quantum Electrodynamics (PQED) and the latter is given by the so-called Gross-Neveu action. We apply the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation and the large$-N_f$ expansion in our model to obtain a Yukawa action. Thereafter, the presence of a symmetry broken phase is inferred from the non-perturbative Schwinger-Dyson equation for the electron propagator. This is the physical solution whenever the fine-structure constant is larger than a critical value $\alpha_c(D N_f)$. In particular, we obtain the critical coupling constant $\alpha_c\approx 0.36$ for $D N_f=8$., where $D=2,4$ corresponds to the SU(2) and SU(4) cases, respectively, and $N_f$ is the flavor number. Our results show a decreasing of the critical coupling constant in comparison with the case of pure electromagnetic interaction, thus yielding a more favorable scenario for the occurrence of dynamical symmetry breaking. For two-dimensional materials,in application in condensed matter systems, it implies an energy gap at the Dirac points or valleys of the honeycomb lattice.