# Concept of a next-generation electromagnetic phase-shift flowmeter for liquid metals

## TL;DR

This paper proposes an improved electromagnetic phase-shift flowmeter for liquid metals that reduces sensitivity to electrical conductivity variations by using a dual-phase measurement and rescaling techniques, enhancing measurement accuracy.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel design measuring both internal and external phase shifts and demonstrates methods to rescale these measurements to minimize conductivity effects.

## Key findings

- Rescaling internal phase shift with external phase shift squared at low frequencies.
- Rescaling internal phase shift directly with external phase shift at higher frequencies.
- Significant reduction in conductivity sensitivity of the flowmeter.

## Abstract

We present a concept of an electromagnetic phase-shift flowmeter that has a significantly reduced sensitivity to the variation of the electrical conductivity of a liquid metal. A simple theoretical model of the flowmeter is considered where the flow is approximated by a solid finite-thickness conducting layer which moves in the presence of an ac magnetic field. In contrast to the original design [Priede et al., Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 (2011) 055402], where the flow rate is determined by measuring only the phase shift between the voltages induced in two receiving coils, the improved design measures also the phase shift between the sending and the upstream receiving coils. These two phase shifts are referred to as internal and external ones, respectively. We show that the effect of electrical conductivity on the internal phase shift, which is induced by the flow, can be strongly reduced by rescaling it with the external phase shift, which depends mostly on the conductivity of medium. Two different rescalings are found depending on the ac frequency. At low frequencies, when the shielding effect is weak, the effect of conductivity is strongly reduced by rescaling the internal phase shift with the external one squared. At higher frequencies, the same is achieved by rescaling the internal phase shift directly with the external one.