# Quantum supremacy in constant-time measurement-based computation: A unified architecture for sampling and verification

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a measurement-based quantum device capable of sampling classically intractable distributions in constant time without quantum error correction, unifying sampling and verification with minimal resource requirements.

## Contribution

It presents a novel measurement-based quantum architecture that achieves constant-time sampling and efficient verification, reducing resource demands compared to previous models.

## Key findings

- Sampling is classically intractable under standard assumptions.
- Sampling and verification require the same physical resources.
- Implementation does not need quantum error correction.

## Abstract

While quantum speed-up in solving certain decision problems by a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer has been promised, a timely research interest includes how far one can reduce the resource requirement to demonstrate a provable advantage in quantum devices without demanding quantum error correction, which is crucial for prolonging the coherence time of qubits. We propose a model device made of locally-interacting multiple qubits, designed such that simultaneous single-qubit measurements on it can output probability distributions whose average-case sampling is classically intractable, under similar assumptions as the sampling of non-interacting bosons and instantaneous quantum circuits. Notably, in contrast to these previous unitary-based realizations, our measurement-based implementation has two distinctive features. (i) Our implementation involves no adaptation of measurement bases, leading output probability distributions to be generated in constant time, independent of the system size. Thus, it could be implemented in principle without quantum error correction. (ii) Verifying the classical intractability of our sampling is done by changing the Pauli measurement bases only at certain output qubits. Our usage of random commuting quantum circuits in place of computationally universal circuits allows a unique unification of sampling and verification, so that they require the same physical resource requirements in contrast to the more demanding verification protocols seen elsewhere in the literature.