# New solar metallicity measurements

## TL;DR

This paper discusses recent solar wind metallicity measurements indicating a high-metallicity Sun, but highlights the ongoing solar modeling problem due to discrepancies with helioseismology and potential measurement biases.

## Contribution

It critically evaluates recent solar wind metallicity data and its implications for the solar modeling problem, emphasizing unresolved issues and measurement uncertainties.

## Key findings

- Recent measurements suggest a high-metallicity Sun.
- Solar models with new abundances fail to match helioseismology.
- Measurement uncertainties and fractionation processes challenge current conclusions.

## Abstract

In the past years, a systematic downward revision of the metallicity of the Sun has led to the "solar modeling problem", namely the disagreement between predictions of standard solar models and inferences from helioseismology. Recent solar wind measurements of the metallicity of the Sun, however, provide once more an indication of a high-metallicity Sun. Because of the effects of possible residual fractionation, the derived value of the metallicity $Z_{\odot} = 0.0196 \pm 0.0014$ actually represents a lower limit to the true metallicity of the Sun. However, when compared with helioseismological measurements, solar models computed using these new abundances fail to restore agreement, owing to the implausibly high abundance of refractory (Mg, Si, S, Fe) elements, which correlates with a higher core temperature and hence an overproduction of solar neutrinos. Moreover, the robustness of these measurements is challenged by possible first ionization potential fractionation processes. I will discuss these solar wind measurements, which leave the "solar modeling problem" unsolved.