# (p,q)-webs of DIM representations, 5d N=1 instanton partition functions and qq-characters

## TL;DR

This paper develops a new mathematical framework using (p,q)-webs and DIM algebra representations to compute 5d N=1 instanton partition functions and qq-characters, simplifying calculations and extending previous operator relations.

## Contribution

It introduces a new intertwiner for higher rank representations, enabling the use of folded web diagrams and advancing the construction of qq-characters for linear quivers.

## Key findings

- New intertwiner for levels (1,n)⊗(0,m)→(1,n+m) representations.
- Simplified computations via folded (p,q)-web diagrams.
- Method to construct qq-characters using DIM algebra actions and Weyl reflections.

## Abstract

Instanton partition functions of $\mathcal{N}=1$ 5d Super Yang-Mills reduced on $S^1$ can be engineered in type IIB string theory from the $(p,q)$-branes web diagram. To this diagram is superimposed a web of representations of the Ding-Iohara-Miki (DIM) algebra that acts on the partition function. In this correspondence, each segment is associated to a representation, and the (topological string) vertex is identified with the intertwiner operator constructed by Awata, Feigin and Shiraishi. We define a new intertwiner acting on the representation spaces of levels $(1,n)\otimes(0,m)\to(1,n+m)$, thereby generalizing to higher rank $m$ the original construction. It allows us to use a folded version of the usual $(p,q)$-web diagram, bringing great simplifications to actual computations. As a result, the characterization of Gaiotto states and vertical intertwiners, previously obtained by some of the authors, is uplifted to operator relations acting in the Fock space of horizontal representations. We further develop a method to build qq-characters of linear quivers based on the horizontal action of DIM elements. While fundamental qq-characters can be built using the coproduct, higher ones require the introduction of a (quantum) Weyl reflection acting on tensor products of DIM generators.