# Surface depression with double-angle geometry during the discharge of close-packed grains from a silo

## TL;DR

This study reveals that the surface depression during silo discharge can exhibit a double-angle geometry depending on packing density and friction, aiding in visual assessment of granular bed conditions.

## Contribution

It demonstrates the influence of packing density and friction on surface depression geometry during silo discharge, highlighting a new visual diagnostic method.

## Key findings

- Higher volume fraction leads to a double-angle depression.
- Smooth particles show less contrast in angles.
- Surface profile indicates packing conditions.

## Abstract

When rough grains in standard packing conditions are discharged from a silo, a conical depression with a single slope is formed at the surface. We observed that the increase of the volume fraction generates a more complex depression characterized by two angles of discharge: a lower angle close to the one measured for standard packing and a considerably larger upper angle. The change in slope appears at the boundary between a densely packed stagnant region at the periphery and the central flowing channel formed over the aperture. Since the material in the latter zone is always fluidized, the flow rate is unaffected by the initial packing of the bed. On the other hand, the contrast between both angles is markedly smaller when smooth particles of the same size and density are used, which reveals that high volume fraction and friction must combine to produce the observed geometry. Our results show that the surface profile helps to identify by simple visual inspection the packing conditions of a granular bed, and this can be useful to prevent undesirable collapses during silo discharge in industry.