# Demythization of Structural XML Query Processing: Comparison of Holistic and Binary Approaches, Technical Report

## TL;DR

This paper compares holistic and binary approaches for XML query processing, demonstrating that optimized binary joins often outperform holistic methods, especially for complex queries with many non-output nodes, and introduces improvements and a combined approach.

## Contribution

It introduces enhancements to binary join methods for XML queries, proving their efficiency and linear complexity, and proposes a hybrid approach combining both methods.

## Key findings

- Binary joins can outperform holistic joins in many cases.
- Optimized binary plans have linear time and space complexity.
- A combined approach leverages advantages of both methods.

## Abstract

XML query can be modeled by twig pattern query (TPQ) specifying predicates on XML nodes and XPath relationships satisfied between them. A lot of TPQ types have been proposed; this paper takes into account a TPQ model extended by a specification of output and non-output query nodes since it complies with the XQuery semantics and, in many cases, it leads to a more efficient query processing. In general, there are two approaches to process the TPQ: holistic joins and binary joins. Whereas the binary join approach builds a query plan as a tree of interconnected binary operators, the holistic join approach evaluates a whole query using one operator (i.e., using one complex algorithm). Surprisingly, a thorough analytical and experimental comparison is still missing despite an enormous research effort in this area. In this paper, we try to fill this gap; we analytically and experimentally show that the binary joins used in a fully-pipelined plan (i.e., the plan where each join operation does not wait for the complete result of the previous operation and no explicit sorting is used) can often outperform the holistic joins, especially for TPQs with a higher ratio of non-output query nodes. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows: (i) we introduce several improvements of existing binary join approaches allowing to build a fully-pipelined plan for a TPQ considering non-output query nodes, (ii) we prove that for a certain class of TPQs such a plan has the linear time complexity with respect to the size of the input and output as well as the linear space complexity with respect to the XML document depth (i.e., the same complexity as the holistic join approaches), (iii) we show that our improved binary join approach outperforms the holistic join approaches in many situations, and (iv) we propose a simple combined approach that uses advantages of both types of approaches.