Superconducting-superconducting hybridization for enhancing single-photon detection

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that hybrid superconducting nanowire single photon detectors combining granular NbN and amorphous W5Si3 films achieve both high efficiency and fast response, expanding the potential of superconducting materials in quantum detection.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hybridization approach of superconducting films to enhance SNSPD performance and explore superconducting properties.

Findings

Achieved >96% quantum efficiency in hybrid SNSPDs.

Attained <5 ns reset time and 52 ps timing jitter.

Proposed dual superconducting behavior as the mechanism.

Abstract

The lack of energy dissipation and abrupt electrical phase transition of superconductors favorite them for nanoscale technologies, including radiation detectors, and quantum technologies. Moreover, understanding the nanoscale behavior of superconductivity is significant for revealing the onset of collective-electron behavior in nature. Nevertheless, the limited number of accessible superconductors restricts availability of the superconducting properties, encumbering the realization of their potential. Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) sense single-IR photons faster and more efficient with respect to competing technologies. However, these advantageous properties are material-dependent causing an undesirable speed-efficiency payoff. Usually, SNSPDs based on granular materials are faster, while those based on amorphous materials are more efficient. Here we optimized ultrathin films of granular NbN on SiO2 and of amorphous W5Si3. We showed that hybrid superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) made of 2-nm-thick W5Si3 films over 2-nm-thick NbN films exhibit advantageous coexistence of timing (< 5-ns reset time and 52-ps timing jitter) and efficiency (> 96% quantum efficiency) performance. We propose that the governing mechanism of this hybridization is the presence of a dual superconducting behavior: native superconductivity of each of the films and superconductivity that is induced from the neighboring film via the proximity effect. In addition to improvement in SNSPDs performance, our results suggest that such hybridization can expand the range of available superconducting properties, impacting nano-superconducting technologies. Lastly, this hybridization may be used to tune the amorphous character of superconducting films and to illuminate the elusive onset of collective-electron behavior near the superconducting-to-insulating transition.