On the generation of the particles through spontaneous symmetry breaking

TL;DR

This paper discusses the Weinberg-Salam-Glashow model of electroweak interactions, demonstrating how spontaneous symmetry breaking gives mass to W and Z bosons while keeping the photon massless, and also imparts mass to leptons.

Contribution

It presents the electroweak model with spontaneous symmetry breaking, showing how gauge symmetry breaking leads to massive gauge bosons and leptons within a unified framework.

Findings

Massive W and Z bosons are obtained with specific parameters.

Photon remains massless after symmetry breaking.

Leptons acquire mass through the same Higgs mechanism.

Abstract

In this paper we present the Weiberg-Salam-Glashow model of the electroweak interactions. With a specific choice of parameters can be obtained massive Z and W$^{\pm}$ bosons , while keeping the photon massless. These results are obtained by breaking the local gauge invariant SU(2)$_L \times$ U(1)$_Y$ symmetry. The same Higgs doublet which generates W$^{\pm}$ and Z masses is also sufficient to give masses to the leptons.