# Producing the Deuteron in Stars: Anthropic Limits on Fundamental Constants

## TL;DR

This paper explores how small changes in fundamental constants affect deuteron stability and stellar nucleosynthesis, identifying critical boundaries that determine the potential for life-supporting stars.

## Contribution

It investigates the impact of deuteron binding energy variations on star formation and stability, establishing a key boundary between life-permitting and prohibitive universes.

## Key findings

- The boundary between bound and unbound deuteron critically influences star formation.
- Deuteron unbinding leads to rapid cooling or stabilization of gas before star formation.
- Less-bound deuterons alter nuclear reaction energetics without catastrophic effects on life.

## Abstract

Stellar nucleosynthesis proceeds via the deuteron (D), but only a small change in the fundamental constants of nature is required to unbind it. Here, we investigate the effect of altering the binding energy of the deuteron on proton burning in stars. We find that the most definitive boundary in parameter space that divides probably life-permitting universes from probably life-prohibiting ones is between a bound and unbound deuteron. Due to neutrino losses, a ball of gas will undergo rapid cooling or stabilization by electron degeneracy pressure before it can form a stable, nuclear reaction-sustaining star. We also consider a less-bound deuteron, which changes the energetics of the $pp$ and $pep$ reactions. The transition to endothermic $pp$ and $pep$ reactions, and the resulting beta-decay instability of the deuteron, do not seem to present catastrophic problems for life.