# Super-Eddington QSO RX J0439.6-5311. I. Origin of the Soft X-ray Excess and Structure of the Inner Accretion Flow

## TL;DR

This study analyzes a super-Eddington quasar RX J0439.6-5311 using X-ray observations, revealing the origin of its soft X-ray excess as a separate Comptonisation component and detailing the structure of its inner accretion flow.

## Contribution

It provides the first detailed spectral-timing analysis of RX J0439.6-5311, supporting a new model for the soft X-ray excess as a low-temperature Comptonisation component.

## Key findings

- Soft X-ray excess is dominated by a low-temperature Comptonisation component.
- Soft X-rays lead hard X-rays by approximately 4 ks, indicating spatial separation.
- Inner accretion flow likely involves a geometrically thick, puffed-up disc region.

## Abstract

We report the results from a recent 133 ks XMM-Newton observation of a highly super-Eddington narrow-line Type-1 QSO RX J0439.6-5311. This source has one of the steepest AGN hard X-ray slopes, in addition to a prominent and smooth soft X-ray excess. Strong variations are found throughout the 0.3 to 10 keV energy range on all time-scales covered by the observation, with the soft excess mainly showing low frequency variations below 0.1 mHz while the hard X-rays show stronger variability at higher frequencies. We perform a full set of spectral-timing analysis on the X-ray data, including a simultaneous modelling of the time-average spectra, frequency-dependent RMS and covariance spectra, lag-frequency and lag-energy spectra. Especially, we find a significant time-lag signal in the low frequency band, which indicates that the soft X-rays lead the hard by $\sim$4 ks, with a broad continuum-like profile in the lag spectrum. Our analysis strongly supports the model where the soft X-ray excess is dominated by a separate low temperature, optically thick Comptonisation component rather than relativistic reflection or a jet. This soft X-ray emitting region is several tens or hundreds of $R_{g}$ away from the hot corona emitting hard X-rays, and is probably associated with a geometrically thick (`puffed-up') inner disc region.