# Evaporation of dilute droplets in a turbulent jet: clustering and entrainment effects

## TL;DR

This study uses direct numerical simulation to analyze droplet vaporization in a turbulent jet, revealing how clustering and entrainment influence droplet size distribution and vaporization rates in dilute sprays.

## Contribution

It introduces a detailed statistical analysis of droplet behavior in turbulent jets, highlighting the roles of clustering and entrainment in vaporization dynamics.

## Key findings

- Droplet clustering occurs due to inertial effects and flow inhomogeneities.
- Dry air entrainment significantly impacts vaporization rates.
- Droplet size and vaporization rate distributions widen downstream.

## Abstract

Droplet evaporation in turbulent sprays involves unsteady, multiscale and multiphase processes which make its comprehension and model capabilities still limited. The present work aims to investigate droplet vaporization dynamics within a turbulent spatial developing jet in dilute, non-reacting conditions. We address the problem using a Direct Numerical Simulation of jet laden with acetone droplets using an hybrid Eulerian/Lagrangian approach based on the point droplet approximation. A detailed statistical analysis of both phases is presented. In particular, we show how crucial is the preferential sampling of the vapour phase induced by the inhomogeneous localization of the droplets through the flow. The preferential segregation of droplets develops suddenly downstream the inlet both within the turbulent core and in the mixing layer. Two distinct mechanisms have been found to drive these phenomena, the inertial small-scale clustering in the jet core and the intermittent dynamics of droplets across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in the mixing layer where dry air entrainment occurs. These phenomenologies strongly affect the overall vaporization process and lead to a spectacular widening of droplets size and vaporization rate distributions in the downstream evolution of the turbulent spray.