# Yield ratios of identified hadrons in p+p, p+Pb, Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that a quark combination model can effectively explain the universal patterns of hadron yield ratios observed across p+p, p+Pb, and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, highlighting underlying common dynamics.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a quark combination model that reproduces hadron yield ratios across different collision systems, emphasizing the model's ability to describe universal hadronization features.

## Key findings

- Quark combination explains yield ratios in all three systems.
- Baryon production rate is consistent across systems.
- Hierarchy in strange hadron ratios is naturally explained.

## Abstract

Yield ratios of identified hadrons observed in high multiplicity p+p and p+Pb collisions at LHC show remarkable similarity with those in Pb+Pb collisions, indicating some important and universal underlying dynamics in hadron production for different quark gluon final states. We use the quark combination model to explain the data of yield ratios in these three collision systems. The observed $p/\pi$ and $\Lambda/K_s^0$ can be reproduced simultaneously by quark combination, and these two ratios reflect the rate of baryon production at hadronization which is the same in light sector and strange sector and is roughly constant in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collision systems over three orders of magnitude in charged particle multiplicity.The data of $K_s^0/\pi$, $\Lambda/\pi$, $\Xi/\pi$ and $\Omega/\pi$ show a hierarchy behavior relating to the strangeness content, and are naturally explained by quark combination both in the saturate stage at high multiplicity and in the increase stage at moderate multiplicity. Our results suggest that the dynamical characteristic of quark combination is necessary in describing the production of hadrons in small systems created in p+p and p+Pb collisions.