# Measurements and Simulations of the Brighter-Fatter Effect in CCD Sensors

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the brighter-fatter effect in CCD sensors, measuring it in prototype LSST sensors and developing a physics-based model to understand charge transport and electrostatic influences on PSF variations.

## Contribution

It provides direct and indirect measurements of the brighter-fatter effect and introduces a detailed physics-based model of charge transport in CCDs.

## Key findings

- Brighter stars exhibit larger and more elliptical PSFs due to electrostatic effects.
- The physics-based model accurately predicts the observed PSF variations with brightness.
- Measurements inform better PSF modeling for astronomical imaging.

## Abstract

Reduction of images and science analysis from ground-based telescopes such as the LSST requires detailed knowledge of the PSF of the image, which includes components attributable to the instrument as well as components attributable to the atmosphere. Because the atmospheric component is constantly changing, the PSF is typically extracted from each image by measuring the size and shape of star images across the CCD, then building a fitting function over the focal plane which is used to model the PSF for analysis of extended sources such as galaxies. Since the stars in each CCD field have a range of brightnesses, accurate knowledge of the PSF for point sources of varying brightness is essential. It has been found that in thick, fully-depleted CCDs, the electrostatic repulsion of charge stored in the collecting wells gives rise to a larger and slightly more elliptical PSF for brighter stars. This "brighter-fatter" effect has been reported in some detail in the literature. In this work, we report direct and indirect measurements of this effect in prototype LSST sensors, and describe a detailed physics-based model of the electrostatics and charge transport within the CCD.