# A step-by-step guide to reduce spatial coherence of laser light using a rotating ground glass diffuser

## TL;DR

This paper presents an easy, cost-effective method to reduce laser spatial coherence using a rotating ground glass diffuser, significantly improving imaging quality in microscopy by minimizing speckle noise.

## Contribution

The authors provide a detailed, low-cost setup for speckle reduction that achieves higher light throughput with minimal vibrations, including comprehensive construction and operation instructions.

## Key findings

- Achieved 48% light throughput, 40% higher than traditional methods.
- Validated setup stability and performance through micro-particle Brownian motion imaging.
- Enabled high-speed imaging at up to 10,000 Hz with reduced objective magnification.

## Abstract

Wide field-of-view imaging of fast processes in a microscope requires high light intensities motivating the use of lasers as light sources. However, due to their long spatial coherence length lasers are inappropriate for such applications as they produce coherent noise and parasitic reflections, such as speckle, degrading image quality. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step guide for constructing a speckle-free and high contrast laser illumination setup using a rotating ground glass diffuser driven by a stepper motor. The setup is easy to build, cheap and allows a significant light throughput of 48 %, which is 40 % higher in comparison to a single lens collector commonly used in reported setups. This is achieved by using only one objective to collect the scattered light from the ground glass diffuser. We validate the stability and performance of our setup in terms of image quality, motor-induced vibrations and light throughput. To highlight the latter, we record Brownian motion of micro-particles using a 100x oil immersion objective and a high-speed camera operating at 2 000 Hz with a laser output power of only 22 mW. Moreover, by reducing the objective magnification to 50x sampling rates up to 10 000 Hz are realized. To help readers with basic or advanced optics knowledge realizing this setup we provide; a full component list, 3D-printing CAD files, setup protocol, and the code for running the stepper motor.