# High-order harmonic generation from highly-excited states in acetylene

## TL;DR

This paper investigates high-order harmonic generation in acetylene molecules, revealing how autoionizing states influence harmonic spectra and demonstrating enhancement effects using a mixed quantum-classical approach.

## Contribution

It is the first to show wide-range harmonic enhancement from autoionizing states in molecules, combining theoretical analysis with evidence of autoionization effects on HHG.

## Key findings

- Harmonic generation depends on molecular orientation relative to laser polarization.
- Autoionizing states significantly enhance the inner plateau of the HHG spectrum.
- Discrepancies with the classical model are explained by dipole matrix element minima.

## Abstract

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) from aligned acetylene molecules interacting with mid infra-red (IR), linearly polarized laser pulses is studied theoretically using a mixed quantum-classical approach in which the electrons are described using time-dependent density functional theory while the ions are treated classically. We find that for molecules aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization axis, HHG arises from the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) while for molecules aligned along the laser polarization axis, HHG is dominated by the HOMO-1. In the parallel orientation we observe a double plateau with an inner plateau that is produced by ionization from and recombination back to an autoionizing state. Two pieces of evidence support this idea. Firstly, by choosing a suitably tuned vacuum ultraviolet pump pulse that directly excites the autoionizing state we observe a dramatic enhancement of all harmonics in the inner plateau. Secondly, in certain circumstances, the position of the inner plateau cut-off does not agree with the classical three-step model. We show that this discrepancy can be understood in terms of a minimum in the dipole recombination matrix element from the continuum to the autoionizing state. As far as we are aware, this represents the first observation of harmonic enhancement over a wide range of frequencies arising from autoionizing states in molecules.