# Particle-in-cell simulations of laser-plasma interactions at solid densities and relativistic intensities: the role of atomic processes

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a comprehensive particle-in-cell simulation framework that captures complex laser-solid interactions at relativistic intensities, revealing the significant roles of collisional damping, ionization, and electromagnetic fields in electron heating and radiation.

## Contribution

The study develops a full PIC simulation method that incorporates nearly all physical mechanisms in laser-solid interactions, including a novel layered-density approach to control numerical self-heating.

## Key findings

- Collisional damping influences electron acceleration significantly.
- Bremsstrahlung radiation is enhanced by 2-3 times during heating.
- Collision damping and ionization reduce electron energy cut-off by 25%.

## Abstract

Direct studies of intense laser-solid interactions is still of great challenges, because of the many coupled physical mechanisms, such as direct laser heating, ionization dynamics, collision among charged particles, and electrostatic or electromagnetic instabilities, to name just a few. Here, we present a full particle-in-cell simulation (PIC) framework, which enables us to calculate laser-solid interactions in a "first principle" way, covering almost "all" the coupled physical mechanisms. Apart from the mechanisms above, the numerical self-heating of PIC simulations, which usually appears in solid-density plasmas, is also well controlled by the proposed "layered-density" method. This method can be easily implemented into the state-of-the-art PIC codes. Especially, the electron heating/acceleration at relativistically intense laser-solid interactions in the presence of large scale pre-formed plasmas is re-investigated by this PIC code. Results indicate that collisional damping (even though it is very week) can significantly influence the electron heating/acceleration in front of the target. Furthermore the Bremsstrahlung radiation will be enhanced by $2\sim3$ times when the solid is dramatically heated and ionized. For the considered case, where laser is of intensity $10^{20}\ \text{W}/\text{cm}^2$ and pre-plasma in front of the solid target is of scale-length $10\ \mu\text{m}$, collision damping coupled with ionization dynamics and Bremsstrahlung radiations is shown to lower the "cut-off" electron energy by $25\%$. In addition, the resistive electromagnetic fields due to Ohmic-heating also play a non-ignorable role and must be included in real laser-solid interactions.