# Equilibrated flux a posteriori error estimates in $L^2(H^1)$-norms for high-order discretizations of parabolic problems

## TL;DR

This paper develops guaranteed a posteriori error estimates for high-order discretizations of parabolic problems, using equilibrated flux reconstructions to provide reliable bounds in the $L^2(H^1)$-norm without restrictive mesh conditions.

## Contribution

It introduces a new a posteriori error estimator for fully discrete parabolic problems that is robust and valid under practical mesh refinement scenarios, improving upon previous methods.

## Key findings

- Estimator bounds the $L^2(H^1)$-norm of the error plus temporal jumps.
- Estimates are robust with respect to mesh size, polynomial degree, and time-step changes.
- Applicable to locally refined meshes without transition conditions.

## Abstract

We consider the a posteriori error analysis of fully discrete approximations of parabolic problems based on conforming $hp$-finite element methods in space and an arbitrary order discontinuous Galerkin method in time. Using an equilibrated flux reconstruction, we present a posteriori error estimates yielding guaranteed upper bounds on the $L^2(H^1)$-norm of the error, without unknown constants and without restrictions on the spatial and temporal meshes. It is known from the literature that the analysis of the efficiency of the estimators represents a significant challenge for $L^2(H^1)$-norm estimates. Here we show that the estimator is bounded by the $L^2(H^1)$-norm of the error plus the temporal jumps under the one-sided parabolic condition $h^2 \lesssim \tau$. This result improves on earlier works that required stronger two-sided hypotheses such as $h \simeq \tau$ or $h^2\simeq \tau$; instead our result now encompasses the practically relevant case for computations and allows for locally refined spatial meshes. The constants in our bounds are robust with respect to the mesh and time-step sizes, the spatial polynomial degrees, and also with respect to refinement and coarsening between time-steps, thereby removing any transition condition.