# Anisotropic super-paramagnetism in cobalt implanted rutile-TiO2 single crystals

## TL;DR

This study investigates the anisotropic magnetic behavior of cobalt-implanted rutile TiO2 single crystals, revealing direction-dependent superparamagnetic properties and the influence of cobalt nanoclusters on magnetization.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into the anisotropic superparamagnetism and magnetic anisotropy in cobalt-implanted TiO2 single crystals, highlighting the role of cobalt nanoclusters and secondary phases.

## Key findings

- Higher blocking temperature along [1-10] direction
- Magnetization saturation occurs at smaller fields along [1-10]
- Crossover in magnetization at 2 K due to anisotropic paramagnetism

## Abstract

We study the magnetic properties of single crystals of rutile TiO2 implanted with cobalt for various fluences. The temperature variation of zero field cooled(ZFC) and field cooled (FC) magnetization shows a much higher blocking temperature (TB) along [1-10]. Similarly the scaling of magnetization isotherms above TB is seen only when the field is parallel to [1-10] direction. With field along this direction, the magnetization shows near saturation at a much smaller field compared to that of[001] direction. The Co nanoclusters possess an "easy" and "hard axis" of magnetization coupled by the magneto crystalline anisotropy of secondary phases of cobalt with TiO2. In addition, at T=2 K we observe a crossover in the magnetization vs field isotherms between the two field directions in the samples which has been attributed to the anisotropic paramagnetism arising from cobalt present in 2+ ionic state with S = 3/2.