# Global constraints on absolute neutrino masses and their ordering

## TL;DR

This paper performs a comprehensive global analysis combining oscillation, neutrinoless double beta decay, and cosmological data to constrain absolute neutrino masses and their ordering, suggesting a slight preference for normal ordering.

## Contribution

It provides the first detailed global constraints on neutrino mass scale and ordering by integrating diverse experimental data sets with a chi^2 analysis.

## Key findings

- Normal ordering is mildly favored over inverted by ~2 sigma.
- Current data constrain the sum of neutrino masses to below approximately 0.1 eV.
- Implications for future experiments are discussed based on the constraints obtained.

## Abstract

Within the standard three-neutrino framework, the absolute neutrino masses and their ordering (either normal, NO, or inverted, IO) are currently unknown. However, the combination of current data coming from oscillation experiments, neutrinoless double beta decay searches, and cosmological surveys, can provide interesting constraints for such unknowns in the sub-eV mass range, down to O(0.1) eV in some cases. We discuss current limits on absolute neutrino mass observables by performing a global data analysis, that includes the latest results from oscillation experiments, neutrinoless double beta decay bounds from the KamLAND-Zen experiment, and constraints from representative combinations of Planck measurements and other cosmological data sets. In general, NO appears to be somewhat favored with respect to IO at the level of ~2 sigma, mainly by neutrino oscillation data (especially atmospheric), corroborated by cosmological data in some cases. Detailed constraints are obtained via the chi^2 method, by expanding the parameter space either around separate minima in NO and IO, or around the absolute minimum in any ordering. Implications for upcoming oscillation and non-oscillation neutrino experiments, including beta-decay searches, are also discussed.