# Helium Ionization in the Diffuse Ionized Gas surrounding UCHII regions

## TL;DR

This study measures helium ionization in the diffuse gas around UCHII regions, revealing non-uniform helium ionization and suggesting dust absorption as a potential cause for low helium ionization levels.

## Contribution

It provides new measurements of the helium to hydrogen ion ratio in diffuse gas near UCHII regions and explores the causes of non-uniform helium ionization.

## Key findings

- Helium is not fully ionized in the observed regions.
- Helium lines are undetected in some positions, with low upper limits on ion ratio.
- Dust absorption may explain the low helium ionization levels.

## Abstract

We present measurements of the singly ionized helium to hydrogen ratio ($n_{He^+}/n_{H^+}$) toward diffuse gas surrounding three Ultra-Compact HII (UCHII ) regions: G10.15-0.34, G23.46-0.20 \& G29.96-0.02. We observe radio recombination lines (RRLs) of hydrogen and helium near 5 GHz using the GBT to measure the $n_{He^+}/n_{H^+}$ ratio. The measurements are motivated by the low helium ionization observed in the warm ionized medium (WIM) and in the inner Galaxy diffuse ionized regions (DIR). Our data indicate that the helium is not uniformly ionized in the three observed sources. Helium lines are not detected toward a few observed positions in sources G10.15-0.34 \& G23.46-0.20 and the upper limits of the $n_{He^+}/n_{H^+}$ ratio obtained are 0.03 and 0.05 respectively. The selected sources harbor stars of type O6 or hotter as indicated by helium line detection toward the bright radio continuum emission from the sources with mean $n_{He^+}/n_{H^+}$ value 0.06$\pm$0.02. Our data thus show that helium in diffuse gas located a few pc away from the young massive stars embedded in the observed regions is not fully ionized.We investigate the origin of the non-uniform helium ionization and rule out the possibilities : (a) that the helium is doubly ionized in the observed regions and (b) that the low $n_{He^+}/n_{H^+}$ values are due to additional hydrogen ionizing radiation produced by accreting low-mass stars (Smith 2014). We find that selective absorption of ionizing photons by dust can result in low helium ionization but needs further investigation to develop a self-consistent model for dust in HII regions.