Interplay between Coulomb-focusing and non-dipole effects in strong-field ionization with elliptical polarization

TL;DR

This study investigates how Coulomb focusing and non-dipole effects influence strong-field ionization with elliptical polarization, revealing new structures in electron momentum distributions and their dependence on laser ellipticity, advancing understanding of electron dynamics.

Contribution

It uncovers a sharp ridge in 3D photoelectron momentum distributions caused by Coulomb focusing and links it to non-dipole asymmetries, extending knowledge of electron behavior beyond the dipole approximation.

Findings

Identification of a sharp ridge structure in 3D PMDs due to Coulomb focusing.

Observation of ellipticity-dependent asymmetry in PMD along the beam propagation axis.

The ridge structure explains the transition of PMD asymmetry with increasing ellipticity.

Abstract

Strong-field ionization and rescattering beyond the long-wavelength limit of the dipole approximation is studied with elliptically polarized mid-IR pulses. We have measured the full three-dimensional photoelectron momentum distributions (3D PMDs) with velocity map imaging and tomographic reconstruction. The ellipticity-dependent 3D-PMD measurements revealed an unexpected sharp, thin line-shaped ridge structure in the polarization plane for low momentum photoelectrons. With classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) simulations and analytical methods we identified the associated ionization dynamics for this sharp ridge to be due to Coulomb focusing of slow recollisions of electrons with a momentum approaching zero. This ridge is another example of the many different ways how the Coulomb field of the parent ion influences the different parts of the momentum space of the ionized electron wave packet. Building on this new understanding of the PMD, we extend our studies on the role played by the magnetic field component of the laser beam when operating beyond the long-wavelength limit of the dipole approximation. In this regime, we find that the PMD exhibits an ellipticity-dependent asymmetry along the beam propagation direction: the peak of the projection of the PMD onto the beam propagation axis is shifted from negative to positive values with increasing ellipticity. This turnover occurs rapidly once the ellipticity exceeds $\sim$0.1. We identify the sharp, thin line-shaped ridge structure in the polarization plane as the origin of the ellipticity-dependent PMD asymmetry in the beam propagation direction. These results yield fundamental insights into strong-field ionization processes, and should increase the precision of the emerging applications relying on this technique, including time-resolved holography and molecular imaging.