# Immediate dense circumstellar environment of supernova progenitors caused by wind acceleration: its effect on supernova light curves

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that accounting for wind acceleration significantly alters inferred mass-loss rates of supernova progenitors, impacting our understanding of their immediate circumstellar environment and the timing of mass-loss enhancement before explosion.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a model incorporating wind acceleration into supernova progenitor mass-loss rate estimates, revealing much higher densities than previous constant-velocity assumptions.

## Key findings

- Wind acceleration greatly affects circumstellar density estimates.
- Mass-loss rates can be much lower than previously inferred.
- Mass-loss enhancement occurs about 100 years before explosion.

## Abstract

Type IIP supernova progenitors are often surrounded by dense circumstellar media that may result from mass-loss enhancement of the progenitors shortly before their explosions. Previous light-curve studies suggest that the mass-loss rates are enhanced up to ~ 0.1 Msun/yr, assuming a constant wind velocity. However, density of circumstellar media at the immediate stellar vicinity can be much higher than previously inferred for a given mass-loss rate if wind acceleration is taken into account. We show that the wind acceleration has a huge impact when we estimate mass-loss rates from early light curves of Type IIP supernovae by taking SN 2013fs as an example. We perform numerical calculations of the interaction between supernova ejecta and circumstellar media with a constant mass-loss rate but with a beta-law wind velocity profile. We find that the mass-loss rate of the progenitor of SN 2013fs shortly before the explosion, which was inferred to be ~ 0.1 Msun/yr with a constant wind velocity of 10 km/s by a previous light-curve modeling, can be as low as ~ 1e-3 Msun/yr with the same terminal wind velocity of 10 km/s but with a wind velocity profile with beta ~ 5. In both cases, the mass of the circumstellar medium is similar (~ 0.5 Msun). Therefore, the beginning of the progenitor's mass-loss enhancement in our interpretation is ~ 100 years before the explosion, not several years. Our result indicates that the immediate dense environment of Type II supernova progenitors may be significantly influenced by wind acceleration.