# Two-Qubit Pure Entanglement as Optimal Social Welfare Resource in Bayesian Game

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that any two-qubit pure entangled state can serve as an optimal quantum resource to improve social welfare in Bayesian games, highlighting the fundamental role of entanglement.

## Contribution

It establishes that all two-qubit pure entangled states can act as quantum social welfare advice in Bayesian games, regardless of how close they are to a product state.

## Key findings

- Any two-qubit pure entangled state can serve as quantum social welfare advice.
- Quantum entanglement enhances social welfare in Bayesian games.
- Even near-product states can be useful for social welfare optimization.

## Abstract

Entanglement is of paramount importance in quantum information theory. Its supremacy over classical correlations has been demonstrated in numerous information theoretic protocols. Here we study possible adequacy of quantum entanglement in Bayesian game theory, particularly in social welfare solution (SWS), a strategy which the players follow to maximize the sum of their payoffs. Given a multi-partite quantum state as an advice, players can come up with several correlated strategies by performing local measurements on their parts of the quantum state. A quantum strategy is called quantum-SWS if it is advantageous over a classical equilibrium (CE) strategy in the sense that none of the players has to sacrifice their CE-payoff rather some have incentive and at the same time it maximizes the sum of all players' payoffs over all possible quantum advantageous strategies. Quantum state yielding such a quantum-SWS is called a quantum social welfare advice (SWA). We show that any two-qubit pure entangled state, even if it is arbitrarily close to a product state, can serve as quantum-SWA in some Bayesian game. Our result, thus, gives cognizance to the fact that every two-qubit pure entanglement is the best resource for some operational task.